read into main storage and used as channel control
words and as a psw that controls subsequent system
operation.
The system controls are divided into three sections:
operator control, operator intervention, and customer
engineering control.
Operator Control Section
This section of the system control panel contains the
operator controls required when the CPU is operating
under supervisory program control.
The main functions provided are the control and
indication of power, the indication of system status,
and operator-to-machine communication. These in­
clude:
22
Emergency power-off pull switch
Power-on back-lighted key
Power-off key
Interrupt key
Wait light
Manual light
System light
Test light
Load light
Load-unit switches T.oad key
Operator Intervention Section
This section of the system control panel provides
controls required for operator intervention into normal
programmed operation. These include:
System reset key
Stop key
Start key
Rate switch (single cycle or normal processing)
Storage-select switches
Address switches
Data switches Store key
Display key
Set Ie key
Address compare switches Customer Engineering Section
This section of the system control panel provides the
controls intended only for customer engineering use.
Customer engineering controls are also available on
some storage, channel, and control-unit equipment.
The fixed-point instruction set performs binary arith­ metic on operands serving as addresses, index quanti­
ties, and counts, as well as fixed-point data. In general,
both operands are signed and 32 bits long. Negative
quantities are held in two's-complement form. One operand is always in one of the 16 general registers;
the other operand may be in main storage or in a
general register.
The instruction set provides for loading, adding,
subtracting, comparing, multiplying, dividing, and
storing, as well as for the sign control, radix conver­
sion, and shifting of fixed-point operands. The entire
instruction set is included in the standard instruction
set.
The condition code is set as a result of all sign­ control, add, subtract, compare, and shift operations.
Data Format
Fixed-point numbers occupy a fixed-length format
consisting of a one-bit sign followed by the integer
field. When held in one of the general registers, a
fixed-point quantity has a 31-bit integer field and oc­ cupies all 32 bits of the register. Some multiply, divide,
and shift operations use an operand consisting of 64
bits with a 63-bit integer field. These operands are
located in a pair of adjacent general registers and are
addressed by an even address referring to the left­ most register of the pair. The sign-bit position of the
rightmost register contains part of the integer. In reg­ ister-to-register operations the same register may be
specified for both operand locations.
Fullword Fixed-Point Number 151 Integer o 1 31
Halfword Fixed-Point Number I s\ Integer o 1 15
Fixed-point data in main storage occupy a 32-bit word
or a 16-bit halfword, with a binary integer field of 31
or 15 bits, respectively. The conversion instructions
Fixed-Point Arithmetic
use a 64-bit decimal field. These data must be located
on integral storage boundaries for these units of infor­ mation, that is, double-word, fullword, or halfword
operands must bc addressed with three, two, or one
low-ordcr address bit ( s) set to zero.
A halfword operand in main storage is extended to
a fullword as the operand is fetched from storage.
Subsequently, the operand participates as a full word
operand.
Number Representation
All fixed-point operands are treated as signed integers. Positive numbers are represented in true binary nota­ tion with the sign bit set to zero. Negative numbers
are represented in two's-complement notation with a
one in the sign bit. The two's complement of a num­ ber is obtained by inverting each bit of the number
and adding a one in the low-order bit position.
This type of number representation can be consider­
ed the low-order portion of an infinitely long represen­
tation of the number. When the number is positive, all
bits to the left of the most significant bit of the num­ ber, including the sign bit, are zeros. When the num­ ber is negative, all these bits, including the sIgn bit,
are ones. Therefore, when an operand must be ex­ tended with high-order bits, the expansion is achieved
by prefixing a field in which each bit is set equal to
the high-order bit of the operand.
Two's-complement notation does not include a nega­ tive zero. It has a number range in which the set of
negative numbers is one larger than the set of positive
numbers. The maximum positive number consists of
an all-one integer field with a sign bit of zero, whereas
the maximum negative number consists of an all-zero
integer field with a one-bit for sign.
The CPU cannot represent the complement of the
maximum negative number. When an operation, such
as a subtraction from zero, produces the complement
of the maximum negative number, the number remains
unchanged, and a fixed-pOint overflow exception is
recognized. An overflow does not result, however,
when the number is complemented and the final re­ suIt is within the representable range. An example of
this case is a subtraction from minus one. The product
of two maximum negative numbers is representable as
a double-length positive number.
Fixed-Point Arithmetic 23
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